RESEARCH PAPER ON INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
Q1. What is a port?
Ans: A port is a group of device with network interface. They are connected with each other with the help of transmission media.
Q2. What is meant by network interface?
Ans: Network interface is a point of connection between a computer and a network.
Q3. What is meant by transmission media?
Ans: Transmission media is a physical communication path that carries information from a sender to a receiver. They could be wired or wireless.
Q4. What is called protocol?
Ans: The devices communicate with each other by using a common language is called a protocol. It is a set of rules to perform small task. For Ex.: http (hyper text transfer protocol) which transfer web pages. They share their resources and the resources could be software as well as hardware.
Q5. What are software resources and hardware resources?
Ans: Software resources could be file-folder, database, etc.
Hardware resources could be a scanner, disk drive, printer, etc.
Q6. What is standalone computer?
Ans: Standalone computer is a desktop or a laptop computer that can function independently without needing to be connected to a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).
Q7. What is meant by IP?
Ans: IP means Internet Protocol which creates packets.
Q8. What is an IP address?
Ans: An IP address is an address which is used to identify a system in a network uniquely.
Q9. How many types of IP versions are there? What are they? Name them.
Ans: Two types of IP versions are there.
They are IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6).
Q10. What is meant by IPv4?
Ans: IPv4 is a 32-bit (binary digit) address. It's divided into 4 groups separated by a dot (.). Each group consists of 8 bits which is called octa. Their are 4 octets which are written in dotted decimal format.
Q11. What is meant by subnetmask?
Ans: Subnetmask is a 32 bits number. It's divided into 4 groups seperated by dot (.). It is written in dotted decimal format, like an IP address. It seperates network ID part and host ID part of an IP address.
Q12. What will be the binary for all the bits in the network identification path and host identification path?
Ans: The binary will be 1 for all the bits in the network identification path and the binary will be 0 for all the bits in the host identification path.
Q13. What is meant by default subnetmask?
Ans: In default subnetmask, all octets in the network identification part will be 255 in decimal and all octets in the host identification path will be 0 in decimal.
Q14. 122.0.25.0 with default subnetmask. Find out network address, broadcast address, subnetmask, 1st host address and last host address.
Ans: 122.0.25.0 = Default Subnetmask
122 - Network ID
0.25.0 - Host ID
Network Address = 122.0.0.0
Broadcast Address = 122.255.255.255
Subnetmask = 255.0.0.0
1st Host Address = 122.0.0.1
Last Host Address = 122.255.255.254
Q15. 173.0.2.0 with default subnetmask. Find out network address, broadcast address, subnetmask, 1st host address and last host address.
Ans: 173.0.2.0 = Default Subnetmask
173.0 - Network ID
2.0 - Host ID
Network Address = 173.0.0.0
Broadcast Address = 173.0.255.255
Subnetmask = 255.255.0.0
1st Host Address = 173.0.0.1
Last Host Address = 173.0.255.254
Q16. 197.0.0.150 with default subnetmask. Find out network address, broadcast address, subnetmask, 1st host address and last host address.
Ans: 197.0.0.150 = Default Subnetmask
197.0.0 - Network ID
150 - Host ID
Network Address = 197.0.0.0
Broadcast Address = 197.0.0.255
Subnetmask = 255.255.255.0
1st Host Address = 197.0.0.1
Last Host Address = 197.0.0.254
Q17. What is meant by IANA?
Ans: IANA means Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. It's a standard organization that manages and maintains the registries to ensure the global coordination of the Domain Name System (DNS) root zone, IP Addressing, and other Internet Protocol resources.
Q18. What is meant by ICANN?
Ans: ICANN means Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers. It's a non-profit organization that manages the internet's systems of unique identifiers.
Q19. What are the five Regional Internet Registry Regions (RIR)?
Ans: The five Regional Internet Registry Regions (RIR) are:
- AFRINIC : Africa, portions of the Indian Ocean.
- APNIC : Portions of Asia, Portions of Oceania.
- ARIN : Canada, many Caribbean and the North Atlantic Islands, and the United States.
- LACNIC : Latin America, portions of the Caribbean.
- RIPE NCC : Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia.
Ans: Class A network addresses starts with a number between 1 and 126 in the first octet of an IP Address, and are used for large networks with upto 16 million hosts. The first octet represent the network portion of the address and the remaining three octet represents the host portion of the address.
Q21. What is meant by Class B network?
Ans: Class B network addresses starts with a number between 128 and 191 in the first octet of an IP Address, and are used for medium-sized networks with upto 65,534 hosts. The first two octets represents the network portion of the address and the remaining two octets represents the host portion of the address.
Q22. What is meant by Class C network?
Ans: Class C network addresses starts with a number between 192 and 223 in the first octet of an IP Address, and are used for small-sized networks with upto 254 hosts. The first three octets represents the network portion of the address and the remaining octet represents the host portion of the address.
Q23. What is the difference between IP and IP address?
Ans: IP - IP means Internet Protocol which creates packets.
IP address - IP address is an address which is used to identify the system in the network uniquely.
Q24. What is meant by Class D network?
Ans: Class D network addresses starts with a number between 224 and 239 in the first octet of an IP address. Class D network is a group address which is reserved for multicasting.
Q25. What is meant by Class E network?
Ans: Class E network addresses starts with a number between 240 and 254 in the first octet of an IP address. Class E network address is reserved for scientific research.
Q26. What is called default route?
Ans: 1st octet value 0 is reserved. 0.0.0.0 is called default route. This address matches to all IP address.
Q27. What is the use of 127.0.0.0 network addresses?
Ans: When we ping to any host address from 127.0.0.0 network and get the reply back, then this 127.0.0.0 network is reserved for loopback testing which we called as TCP/IP protocol stack testing.
Q28. What is meant by Network Address?
Ans: Network Address is the 1st address of the network, which is reserved for identifying the network.
Q29. What is meant by Broadcast Address?
Ans: Broadcast address is the last address of the network, which is reserved for communicating with all host in the network at the same time.
Q30. What is meant by Unicast Address?
Ans: Unicast address represents single host.
Q31. What is the use of private address? Give examples.
Ans: Private address is used in LAN/private network.
For ex. : For Class A - 10.0.0.0 network, For Class B - 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0 network and For Class C - 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0 network.
Q32. What is the use of public address? Give example.
Ans: Public address is used for accessing public network. For ex. : Internet.
Q33. What is APIPA?
Ans: APIPA means Automatic Private IP Address. It is a feature of Windows System. If we do not configure the IP Address manually, and their is no DHCP server on the network to provide the IP Address automatically. Then APIPA provides the IP Address automatically from 169.254.0.0 network.
Q34. Why subnetmask is mandatory to configure host?
Ans: Subnetmask is mandatory to configure the host because it separates network ID part and host ID part of an IP Address.
Q35. What is Multicast Address?
Ans: Multicast Address is referred to as Group Address. It is a Class D network.
Q36. Do the following troubleshooting.
Find out which PCs can communicate with each other and which are not. Explain why?
Ans: PC0 and PC1 will communicate with each other because PC0 and PC1 lies within 172.16.0.0/16 network. And PC2 and PC3 will communicate with each other because PC2 and PC3 lies within 172.26.0.0/16 network.
